The C++ Programming Language

Modified April 28, 2019

C++ is a general-purpose programming language with a bias towards systems programming that

• is a better C
• supports data abstraction
• supports object-oriented programming
• supports generic programming.

Or, in other words: C++ is a language for defining and using light-weight abstractions. It has significant strengths in areas where hardware must be handled effectively and there are significant complexity to cope with. This includes many resource constrained systems and much foundational and infrastructure code.

Translations:

• Belorussian.
• Spanish.
• Russian.

• my FAQ,
• my C++ Style and Technique FAQ
• my C++ glossary, and
• some interviews that I have given.
• The isocpp website of The C++ Foundation.

• Learning and teaching C++
• How to write good modern C++
• The ISO C++ standard
• Applications, compilers, etc.
• Embedded systems
• Libraries, etc.
• C++ GUI libraries and tools
• C++ design and history
• General resources
• Videos
• Collections of articles
• Related

• The ISO C++ Standard: C++ is standardized by ISO (The International Standards Organization) in collaboration with national standards organizations, such as ANSI (The American National Standards Institute), BSI (The British Standards Institute), DIN (The German national standards organization). The original C++ standard was issued in 1998, a minor revison in 2003, and a major update, C++11, was issued in September 2011, and the current standard is C++14. During it's development, C++11 was referred to as C++0x. After that, C++14 and C++17 were delivered according to a new ambitions 3-year schedule. Currently the standards committee is working to produce a new standard, a major revision, in 2020: C++20.
  • The of The C++ Foundation's site for information about ISO C++ standards activities. Updated regularly.
  • An almost complete C++14 standard. Note that this is mostcertainly not a tutorial. You can get the official final version from the ISO or NIST for $60. You are unlikely to need that unless you are a compiler implementer.
  • The committee's current working paper.
  • The ISO C++ standards committee (WG21) maintains an official site with information about the current state of the standards effort. "More than you ever wanted to know about the work on the C++ standard."
  • My view of what C++17 should be. April 2015. Note that I don't always get what I want and that I'm aggressive about the improvement of C++.
  • My book The Design and Evolution of C++ describes the standards process and many of the design decisions made
  • My book The C++ Programming Language (Fourth Edition) describes C++ as defined by the ISO standard.

• How to write good modern C++: Much C++ code is writting in achaic styles, missing out on elegance, safety and performance. This is avoidable.
  • A paper of how to write guaranteed type and resource safe C++.
  • A set of guidelines for writing good, modern, efficient C++ on Github.
  • A Tour of C++ (second edition): a short book (240 pages) providing an overview of C++ as it is in 2015. Aimed at people who can program, but might have a 1990s view of C++.

• Applications, compilers, etc.:
  • A list of interesting C++ applications. I welcome suggestions for additions.
  • A list of major industry applications and tools with evolution paths by Vincent Lextrait.
  • An incomplete list of C++ compilers.
  • Hans-J. Boehm's site for C and C++ garbage collection and a couple of sites offering collectors based on his work (University of Tokyo, geodesic.com).
  • Test suites are available for C++. For example: Plumhall and Perennial.

• Libraries, etc.:
  • An extensive list of current C++ libraries from C++.org.
  • A list of available C++ libraries known as the C++ libraries FAQ.
  • Boost.org: A repository for libraries meant to work well with the C++ standard library.
  • STLab: a collection of peer-reviewed and portable C++ source libraries, leveraging and extending both the C++ Standard Library and the Boost Libraries. That page also contains links to Adobe open source libraries, such as the Generic Image Library GIL.
  • Doug Schmidt's site with information about a lot of things including the ACE framework and the TAO real-time ORB.
  • High-performance numerical libraries provide excellent tests for interesting new programming techniques: The Object-Oriented Numerics Page is a list of libraries, projects, and mailing lists. For example: POOMA from LANL, Blitz++ from U. of Waterloo, MTL from Indiana University, and ROOT from CERN. These libraries, and many more, are available for downloading.
  • SGI's implementation of the STL.
  • Dinkumware's online standard library reference.
  • Rogue Wave's online documentation of an implementation of the standard library.

• C++ design and history:
  • 1991-2006: Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006.
  • 1979-1991: My paper about C++'s design and early years.
  • A more comprenensive book: The Design and Evolution of C++.
  • The Computer History Museum's site for early C++ sources (code, documentation, papers, etc.).
  • An old, but unfortunately not completely irrelevant, net posting answering some unfair criticisms of C++.

• C++ GUI libraries and toolkits:
  • FLTK.
  • gtkmm.
  • Qt
  • WxWidgets.
  • and many more.

• Embedded systems:
  • A confence paper on the basic ideas of using C++ in embedded systems.
  • JSF++: The JSF air vehicle C++ coding standards.
  • The ISO C++ committee's TR on performance.
  • Embedded systems programming is not just a niche concern: I cover it in Chapter 25 of my textbook Programming: Principles and Practice using C++.

• FAQs:
  • My FAQ.
  • My C++ Style and Technique FAQ.
  • My C++0x FAQ.
  • Marshall Cline's C++ FAQ.
  • C++ Standards FAQ containing many valuable links (including some to implementations of the standard library).
  • The learn.c-c++ newsgroup FAQ presents much information of use for C and/or C++ novices.

• Learning and teaching C++:
  • My beginner's programming text book Programming: Principles and Practice using C++.
  • A Tour of C++: a short book (190 pages) providing an overview of C++ as it is in 2015. Aimed at people who can program, but might have a 1990s view of C++.
  • A list of resources for people learning C++ from The Cambridge University Engineering Department.
  • An extensive collection of book reviews can be found on the ACCU (The Association of C and C++ Users) site.

• General resources:
  • C++.org; a C++ community site associated with ACCU.
  • A list of C++ resources such as libraries, implementations, books, FAQs, other C++ pages, etc..
  • A large (18,000+) collection of links to information on OO, OOP languages, etc. called Cetus.
  • A catalog of C++ links from Forschungszentrum Julich.
  • David Tribble's paper listing incompatibilities between C++ and C99.
  • Greg Comeau's C++ related site in New York.
  • Brad Appleton's collection of C++ and OOP links.
  • The C++ section of the open directory project.
  • A C++ idioms list.

• Collections of articles:
  • Herb Sutter's collection of articles focussing on how to learn and use Standard C++ in a modern style.
  • Kevlin Henneys' collection of thought provoking and useful articles about good C++ design and style.
  • Artima's C++ source has a collection of C++ articles, columns, etc.
  • Danny Kalev's C++ articles and news items on informIT.com.

• Videos:
  • The continuing evolution of C++. University Carlos III Madrid CS department. January 2019.
  • Concepts: The future of generic programming (the future is here). University Carlos III Madrid CS department. January 2019.
  • No littering!. Talk to Madrid C++ users groups. January 2019.

  • Steve Carroll for Channel-9: An interview with Bjarne Stroustrup and Gabriel Dos Reis at CppCon 2018 about concepts, modules, and the essentials for language evolution. And the story of the good ship Vasa. Channel-9 copy. September 2018.

  • What C++ is and what it will become. Opening keynote at Meeting C++. Berlin. November 2016.
  • "Concepts" explained in 12 minutes. Meeting C++. Berlin. November 2016.
  • The Driving Force Behind C++" An 18-minute TEDx talk in Shanghai. October 2016.
  • Two talks at Budapest Technical University. A talk by my colleague Abel Sinkovic on debugging metaprograms followed by one by me on type- and resource-safe C++. Abel's talk should be compulsory watching for people who claim that we don't urgently need concepts. May 2016.
  • C++ Today. An semi-technical talk to Churchill College Computer Society. Churchill is my Cambridge College. 36 minutes. May 2016.

  • Oral History of Bjarne Stroustrup. For the Computer History Museum 2 hours. with transcript. September 2015.
  • Object-oriented programming without inheritance. ECOOP'15 Keynote. Prague. July 2015.
  • A video interview about Cppcon and the C++ core guidelines. September 2015.
  • Writig good C++14. My Cppcon 2015 keynote. September 2015.
  • All the talks (incl. mine) from CppCon 2015. That's about 100 quality talks. September 2015.

  • Make simple tasks simple. My Cppcon 2014 keynote. September 2014.
  • All the talks (incl. mine) from CppCon 2014. That's about 100 quality talks. September 2014.
  • An online "Event" and Q&A. August 2014.
  • Lang.Next'14 Keynote: What -- if anything -- have we learned from C++? A 68 minute talk incl. Q&A.
  • GoingNative'13 Keynote: The Essence of C++: With Examples in C++84, C++98, C++11, and C++14. A 96 minute talk incl. Q&A.

  • An interview about Software Development for Infrastructure.
  • GoingNative'12 Keynote: C++11 Style. A 90 minute talk incl. Q&A.

  • An AT&T Tech Channel presentation of my work and its impact from their Tech Icons series.
  • A talk on C++0x at CERN, September 2009.
  • The ACM HOPL-iii HOPL-iii videos (incl. mine). June 2007.
  • A C++0x talk given at University of Waterloo. Google, NYC. August 2007.
  • A talk on C++0x initializer lists given at Google, Mountainview. February 2007.
  • Several videos, audio recordings, and transcripts of talks, panels, and interviews from Dr. Dobb's Technetcast archieves.
  • Alex Stepanov (the father of the STL) on the importance of Mathematics in Programming.
  • A 1994 lecture: The Design of C++ (also known as "The flying goose talk" What happend was that I was supposed to use a teleprompter, which I hated, so when it broke down a third way into the talk, I could not see the slides or any notes; I was flying blind. The last two thirds of the talk was done without props, completely from memory. When I couldn't think of what to say next, I pulled the string on the goose to gain time). Put up by the Computer History Museum.

• Related:
  • Dennis Ritchie's homepage con taining lots of interesting information about the history of C, Unix, and (AT&T) Bell Lab's computer science research center (where C++ was born).
  • The Computer History Museum's Software Preservation Group's collection of C++ sources currently focusing on the early years. Contributions are most welcome (see the site for details).

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  When I list a site it is because I found some interesting information there, not because I wanted to endorse a product. All the major software suppliers have C++ related information on their sites. If you feel that I ought to add a site, feel free to tell me what and why.
  Morgan Stanley | Columbia University | Churchill College, Cambridge
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